10 Oldest Civilizations in the World

Mesopotamian Civilization (3500 BC – 500 BC)

Often called the "Cradle of Civilization," Mesopotamia was home to the first cities, writing systems, and complex governments. It flourished in the region of modern-day Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Ancient Egyptian Civilization (3100 BC – 30 BC)

Located along the Nile River, ancient Egypt is famous for its pyramids, pharaohs, and hieroglyphics. This civilization made major contributions in architecture, medicine, and mathematics.

Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BC – 1300 BC)

Stretching across modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, the Indus Valley Civilization was known for its advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and trade.

Chinese Civilization (2070 BC – Present)

The Xia Dynasty marks the beginning of the Chinese civilization. Known for its rich cultural heritage, it contributed to the development of philosophy, art, and political systems that shaped China for millennia.

Minoan Civilization (3000 BC – 1100 BC)

Based on the island of Crete, the Minoans were a seafaring civilization known for their palatial architecture, especially the Palace of Knossos, and vibrant artwork.

Ancient Greek Civilization (1200 BC – 600 AD)

Ancient Greece laid the foundation for Western philosophy, politics, and arts. Its city-states like Athens and Sparta contributed to democracy, architecture, and theater.

Babylonian Civilization (1894 BC – 539 BC)

Famous for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest law codes, the Babylonians built the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Persian Civilization (550 BC – 331 BC)

The Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, stretched from Egypt to India. It was known for its vast network of roads and the use of satraps (governors) to maintain control over the empire.

Mayan Civilization (2000 BC – 1600 AD)

Located in present-day Mexico and Central America, the Mayan civilization was known for its astronomical knowledge, elaborate pyramids, and the Mayan calendar.

Roman Civilization (753 BC – 476 AD)

The Roman Empire was known for its vast influence on law, architecture, engineering, and military tactics. Rome’s legacy includes roads, aqueducts, and the Roman legal system.